Image-guided Neurosurgery (IGNS):
  • The BIC Home Page: Intra-operative ultrasound is being researched.
  • Robarts Research Institute: Intra-operative ultrasound is being researched.
  • University of Pittsburg: This group uses the ISG Viewing System.
  • MIT AI Lab: Collaboration with Brigham and Women's Hospital.
  • Brigham and Women's Hospital affiliated with Harvard Medical School:Intra-operative MRI (Brain shift correction by manually locating structures in intra-operative MR and correcting pre-operative MR).
  • Literature review of IGNS.
  • Dartmouth: This group predicts brain deformations using finite element modelling and then uses intra-operatively acquired tissue motion data to correct for brain shift.
  • Surgical Planning Lab Departments of Neurosurgery and Radiology Brigham and Women's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School: This paper gives many case studies depicting examples of brain shift under different conditions.
  • USC Medical Applications -- Surgery: Bibliography of computer-aided surgery literature.
  • John Hopkins Neuroimaging Lab: Example of a system that uses finite element methods to perform simulations of kinematics (displacements) of the brain during neurosurgical procedures such tumor growth and intra-operative shift.
  • Neurosurgery: List of Neurosurgery WWW Sites.
  • University of Minnesota: The Interventional MR Suite permits performing surgery outside the MR scanner, pausing to acquire images during surgical procedures by rolling the patient into the machine (infrequently).
  • Image Guided Neurologics: Company that develops tools (eg. Navigus) to allow physicians to access targeted sites within the brain through a minimally-invasive cranial burr or twist drill hole rather than the conventional open craniotomy. The Company's technology is compatible with both real-time Magnetic Resonance Imaging (rtMRI) equipment which utilizes a "short-bore" magnet and more conventional "long-bore" scanners. This product is used by the MR group in Minnesota for biopsies.
  • Sintef Unimed: Ultrasound IGNS system that acquires 3D ultrasound from a burr-hole to update the map of the brain several times during the procedure.